What is Hyaluronic Acid's Chemical Structure?

It is naturally produced  in the human body and is chemically classified as a Glycosaminoglycan.  In the body, hyaluronic acid always presents itself as a large high molecular weight molecule.  The molecule is made up of a repetitive sequence of two modified simple sugars, one called glucuronic acid and the other N acetyl glucosamine.  These compounds are both negatively charged and when put together, they repel producing an exceptionally long stretched out molecule (high molecular weight).  HA molecules that are long and large in size produce a high viscosity (lubrication) effect which resists compression and allows our joints and skin to bear weight, withstand tension and endure abuses, such as physical trauma and abrasion that no other tissue in the body could withstand.   

When was it discovered?

Hyaluronic acid was first used commercially in 1942 when Endre Balazs  applied for a patent to use it as a substitute for egg white in bakery products.  The discovery of Hyaluronic Acid was very unique.  No other molecule had ever been discovered that has such unique properties to the human body.  Balazs went on to become the leading expert on HA, and made the majority of discoveries concerning HA.

Where is it located in the body?

Hyaluronic Acid (HA)  is found naturally in most every cell in the body and occurs in high concentrations in specific body locations.   In each body location, it serves a different function.  Unfortunately, HA also has a half-life ( the time it takes for the molecule to get broken down and excreted from the body) of less than 3 days and possibly even as little as 1 day in the skin.  For this reason, it is imperative that the body continually replenish itself with HA.  Below are some of the areas in the human body where hyaluronic acid is present and critical to its function.

Bones/Cartilage

Hyaluronic Acid is found in all bones and cartilage structures throughout the body.  Both of these structures provide a resilient rigidity to the structure of the human body.   HA is especially found in various forms of cartilage but none more than the hyaline cartilage.  As you’ve probably guessed it, hyaline is short for hyaluronic acid.    Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of the long bones where articulation (bending) occurs and provides a cushioning effect for the bones.    The hyaline cartilage has been called the “gristle cartilage” because its resistance to wear and tear.  Hyaline cartilage also supports the tip of the nose, connects the ribs to the sternum and forms most of the larynx and supporting cartilage of the trachea and bronchial tubes in the lungs.   

Tendons and Ligaments/Connective tissue

Connective tissue is found everywhere in the body.  It does much more than connect body parts; it has many forms and functions.  Its major functions include binding, support, protection, and insulation.  One such example of connective tissue is the cordlike structures that connect muscle to bone (tendons) and bone to bone (ligaments).  In all connective tissue there are three structural elements.  They are ground substance (hyaluronic acid), stretchy fibers (collagen and elastin) and a fundamental cell type.  Whereas all other primary tissues in the body are composed mainly of living cells, connective tissues are composed largely of a nonliving ground substance (hyaluronic acid) which separates and cushions the living cells of the connective tissue.   The separation and cushioning allow the tissue to bear weight, withstand great tension and endure abuses that no other body tissue could.  All of this is made possible because of the presence of the HA and its ability to form the gelatinous ground substance fluid.     

Scalp Tissue and Hair Follicles

Structurally the scalp is identical to the skin tissue located throughout the body except it also contains about 100,000 hair follicles that give rise to hair.  Actually the hair and the hair follicle are a derivative of skin tissue.  There are two distinctive  skin layers, one, the epidermis (outer layer)  which gives rise to the protective shield of the body and the other, the dermal layer (deep layer) which makes up the bulk of the skin and is where the hair follicle is located.  This dermal layer is composed of connective tissue and the connective tissue, with its gelatinous fluid like characteristics provides support, nourishes and hydrates the deep layers of the scalp.  The result is healthy lustrous hair and a moisturized scalp.    Again, all of this is made possible because of the presence of HA in the scalp tissue and its ability to form this fluid and hold water.

Lips

The lips are a core of skeletal muscle covered by skin tissue.   The dermal layer of the lips is composed primarily of connective tissue and its components hyaluronic acid and collagen that give the structure (shape) and plumpness to the lips.  The hyaluronic acid binds to water creating a gelatinous fluid that hydrates the surrounding tissue and keeps the collagen (responsible for keeping the skin tight) nourished and healthy.  The result is healthy well hydrated and plump lips that are well protected from the environment.

Eyes

Hyaluronic acid is highly concentrated inside the eyeball.  The fluid inside the eye called the vitreous humor is composed almost completely of hyaluronic acid.  The HA gives the fluid inside the eye a viscous gel like property.  This gel acts as a shock absorber for the eye and also serves to transport nutrients into the eye.  Eye surgeons inject HA directly into the eye to help maintain the shape of the eye during surgery.  It has been said that after the 5th decade of life, our eyes stop producing the much needed hyaluronic acid resulting in various eye problems such as poor vision, dry eyes, and floaters. 
 

Gum Tissue

The Gums (gingivś) are composed of dense fibrous connective tissue (ligaments) which secure the teeth to the aveloar bone (jaw bone).   Once again, connective tissue is composed of a fibrous tissue surrounded by hyaluronic acid (extra-cellular matrix).  Without the hyaluronic acid, the gum tissue becomes unhealthy and may lead to swelling.  If the HA is present it helps to provide the tensile strength of the ligaments that secure the tooth in place by providing hydration and nourishment.  The result is a healthy set of gums. 

Skin

Although Hyaluronic Acid (HA) can be found naturally in most every cell in the body, it is found in the greatest concentrations in the skin tissue.  Almost 50% of the bodies HA is found here.  It is found in both the deep underlying dermal areas as well as the visible epidermal top layers.  Young skin is smooth and elastic and contains large amounts of HA that helps keep the skin stay young and healthy.    The HA provides continuous moisture to the skin by binding up to 1000 times its weight in water.  With age, the ability of the skin to produce HA decreases leaving the skin unhealthy and wrinkled. 

ECM (ground substance)

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a gelatinous (gel-like) fluid that surrounds almost all living cells and is essential to life.  It gives structure and support to the body and without it, we would just be a trillions cells without a shape or function.  It is essentially the mortar between the bricks.   The skin, bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments are examples where the ECM is located in the body.  The ECM is composed of material (fibrous elements) called elastin and collagen surrounded by a gelatinous substance (Hyaluronic Acid).   HA’s roles in the ECM is to prevent the stretchy fibers in the body from overstretching and drying out by continually bathing them in this nutritious water base gelatinous fluid.  It also serves as a wonderful medium through which nutrients and waste are transported to and from the cells of these structures.  This fluid would not exist if it was not for the ability of the HA molecule to bind up to 1000 times its weight in water. 

Synovial fluid

Our joints (like the elbows and knees) are surrounded by a membrane called the synovial membrane which forms a capsule around the ends of the two articulating bones.  This membrane secretes a liquid called the synovial fluid.  Synovial fluid is a viscous fluid with the consistency of motor oil.  It has many functions, but none more than providing the elastic shock absorbing properties of the joint.  Its second most important function in the joint is to carry nutrients to the cartilage and to also remove waste from the joint capsule.  Normally these processes are carried out via the blood vessels but because cartilage is without blood flow (avascular) the body relies on the Hyaluronic Acid to do so.

How does it help the body?

In the joints 

If we compare the joints of the human body to and automobile engine, the joint fluid in the body mimics the oil in a car engine. At regular intervals we replace the oil in our car engines because the heat and friction breakdown the oils viscosity. The oil becomes thinner and less able to protect the metal surfaces from excessive wear. Hyaluronic acid acts the same way in our joints. As we age the viscosity of the joint fluid breaks down and becomes thin and is unable to cushion the joint cartilage. This leads to increased friction and wear on the cartilage surfaces of the joints.  Hyaluronic Acid helps to restore the normal viscosity of joint fluid and to prevent further damage to the joint.

In the skin

The skin is the largest organ in the body comprising about 15% of the body weight.  Roughly 50% of the Hyaluronic Acid in our body is found in the skin.  Hyaluronic Acid and Collagen are vital to maintaining the skin’s layers and structure.  It is the collagen that gives the skin its firmness but it is the HA that nourishes and hydrates the collagen.  Imagine the collagen as the stretchy fibers that restore the skin back to shape when stretched.  Collagen is like a rubber band but stretch that rubber band a million times, like what we do with our skin and without any moisture.  Eventually that rubber band gets overstretched (saggy) and dried out and will most likely break.  This is much the same way the collagen in our skin reacts leaving our skin dry and wrinkled.  Now imagine that same rubber band stretched a million times while under water the whole time.  Chances of that rubber band drying out and breaking are minimal.  Consider the Hyaluronic Acid as the water that keeps the collagen moist and elastic.  Collagen is continuously surrounded and nourished by the gelatinous HA substance.   Young skin is smooth and highly elastic because it contains high concentrations of Hyaluronic Acid, which helps skin stay healthy.  As we grow older, the body loses its ability to maintain this same concentration in the skin.  With decreasing levels of HA in the skin, so goes the ability of the skin to hold water.  The result, the skin becomes drier and loses its ability to restore itself.   Hyaluronic acid acts as a space filler by binding to water and thus keeping the skin wrinkle-free.

• Hyaluronic acid is essential for the health of the synovial fluid which lubricates the bones and joints.

• Hyaluronic acid is essential for the structure of the extracellular matrix in the skin which gives the skin a youthful wrinkle free appearance.

• Hyaluronic Acid is an essential component of the vitreous humor (fluid of the eye) which is essential for proper eye health and function.

• Hyaluronic Acid supports and gives structure to healthy skin, scalp, gums and lips by assisting with maintaining the nourishment and hydration of the epidermal and dermal layers of each structure.

• Hyaluronic Acid, a key factor to maintaining healthy strong tendons and ligaments by providing nourishment, waste removal and hydration to these structures.

• Hyaluronic Acid is essential to building healthy strong cartilage all the way from the heart valves to the cartilage surrounding the ends of joint bones. 

• Supplementation with hyaluronic acid is crucial due to decreased synthesis or production of hyaluronic acid that occurs with aging and chronic injury.

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